African elephants (Loxodonta africana) exhibit complex social behaviors and mating rituals. Males enter a state called musth, marked by heightened aggression and increased testosterone levels, to attract females. During musth, males actively seek out females in estrus, engaging in displays of strength and dominance to outcompete rivals. Courtship involves trunk touching and gentle vocalizations. Once a female accepts a male, they mate, and the bond can last several days. Gestation lasts about 22 months, the longest of any mammal. Socially, elephants live in matriarchal herds led by the oldest female, where they display strong familial bonds, cooperative care of young, and sophisticated communication through vocalizations and body language. These behaviors ensure the survival and cohesion of their social groups.