African elephants (Loxodonta africana) exhibit complex mating behaviors influenced by social structures and environmental factors. During the mating season, males enter a state called musth, characterized by heightened testosterone levels and increased aggression. In this period, they seek out receptive females by following herds and using their keen sense of smell. Courtship involves gentle trunk touches and vocalizations. Female elephants, typically reaching sexual maturity around 10-12 years, are receptive for only a few days. Once a male successfully mates, the female undergoes a lengthy gestation period of approximately 22 months, the longest of any land animal. After birth, the calf is cared for by the entire herd, ensuring its survival and integration into the complex social network of elephant society. These behaviors ensure genetic diversity and the continuation of the species.